A review of individual studies (each of which is called a primary study). A systematic review is a secondary study.

A list of corrections to the case report form that can be made by the sponsor’s data management staff without the requirement for case-by-case referral to the investigator. For example, if a case report form page lists concomitant medication taken by a patient but the box stating ‘Are there any medications this cycle?’ is blank, the box may be ticked by the data manager. A list of such data correction conventions should be agreed by the investigator prior to data management activities taking place.

A “serious breach” is a breach which is likely to effect to a significant degree the safety or physical or mental integrity of the subjects of the trial or the scientific value of the trial.

A service user is someone who uses or has used health and/or social care services because of illness or disability. Some people do not like this term because they feel it has negative connotations.

A review of evidence on one specific treatment, usually carried out for policy customers such as NICE.

Social care refers to a range of services provided across different settings, usually in the community. These include, home care, day care and residential care for older people, residential care and fostering for children, support for parents of disabled children, supporting mental health service users, physically disabled people and people with learning difficulties, support for carers. Social care research involves finding out new knowledge or testing out existing ideas) to do with social care – so social care research might address questions about people’s experience of using different home care services, the best ways to train new foster parents.

People collaborating in social movements at scale. There are two types of Social Room - both are social movements hosted by a core team who are coached and equipped to grow the movement. 1 Enterprise or Organisation Social Room. 2. In Place Social Room.

Checking the original data record, such as lab reports, patient medical notes against what was transferred onto the case report form/into a database.

In screening/diagnostic tests this is a measure of a test’s ability to correctly identify people who do not have the disease.

Written instructions to achieve uniformity of the performance of a specific function.

A result that is unlikely to have happened by chance.

An analysis in which the intervention effect is evaluated in a defined subset of the participants in a trial, or in complementary subsets, such as sex or age.

Survivor is a term some people who have used health or social care services use to describe themselves – they see this as a more empowering term than ‘patient’ or ‘sufferer’. For example, some people who have used mental health services or who have experienced mental or emotional distress call themselves survivors of the psychiatric system. Some people who have recovered from cancer call themselves cancer survivors. If someone describes themselves as a survivor researcher, they are making a statement about the fact that they have used health or social care services as well as being a researcher.

Sustainability and Transformation Plans were first produced in 2016 by NHS providers, commissioners and local authorities working within 44 new geographical ‘footprints’ across England. The plans set out a vision for the future of health and care service delivery in their areas. By 2018 these had evolved into partnerships, many of which had established joint working arrangements. The most well-developed STPs were termed ICSs. As of 19 March 2021, all are now termed ICSs.